Poor biosecurity in live bird markets in Uganda: A potential risk for highly pathogenic avian influenza disease outbreak in poultry and spread to humans

Halid Kirunda^1*, Hannah Kibuuka^2†, Achilles Byaruhanga^3†, Edison Mworozi^4†, Josephine Bwogi^5†, Lukwago Luswa^6†, Millard Millard^2†, Fred Wabwire-Mangen⁷ and Denis K Byarugaba^8*

¹National Livestock Resources Research Institute,  P.O Box 96, Tororo, Uganda.

²Makerere University Walter Reed Project, P.O. Box 16524,  Kampala, Uganda.

³NatureUganda, The East Africa Natural History Society, P.O. Box 27034, Kampala, Uganda.

⁴Mulago National Referral Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072,Kampala, Uganda.

⁵Uganda Virus Research Institute, Ministry of Health,P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.

⁶Epidemiology and Surveillance Division,Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda.

⁷School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.